We analyzed the polymorphic variants of the genes of the dopaminergic system: the rs4532 of the DRD1 gene, Taq1 and rs6275 of the DRD2 gene, rs6280 of the DRD3 gene, VNTR 120bp, VNTR 48bp and rs747302 of the DRD4 gene (dopamine receptors), (TCAT)n-repeats of the TH gene (tyrosine hydroxylase), rs4680 of the COMT gene (catechol-O-methyltransferase) and rs1799836 of the MAO-B gene (monoamine oxidase B). The study included patients with idiopathic PD and healthy individuals of the Tatar ethnicity living on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB). There is the association of the allele rs4680*G and the genotype rs4680*G/G of the COMT gene with PD development (p=0,5*10-5; OR=1,73 and p=0,36*10-4; OR=2,22, respectively), especially its akinetic-rigid-trembling form (p=10-6; OR=2,86 and p=0,3*10-5; OR=4,87, respectively) and its manifestation after 60 years (p=0,12*10-3; OR=2,03 and p=0,14*10-2; OR=2,51, respectively) in Tatar ethnicity. There is the association of allele rs1799836*C of the MAO-B gene with PD development in Tatar men (p=0,7*10-3; OR=2,88). A complex analysis using the APSampler algorithm showed that the most significant combination associated with increased PD development was the combination of rs4680(COMT)*G and (TCAT) nTH*8 alleles with rs6311(HTR2A)*A and rs6296(HTR1B)*G alleles of the genes of serotonine receptors. The only protective combination was triallelic combination of rs4532(DRD1)*T, rs4680(COMT)*A and rs1800532(TPH1)*T alleles.

At present, there is a steady increase in the incidence and prevalence of allergic skin diseases in the world, affecting up to 25% of the population in different countries. Urticaria is an etiologically heterogeneous group of diseases and conditions characterized by the formation of itching rashes on the skin. According to epidemiological studies, at least once during a lifetime this pathology is observed in 15-25% of the population. Urticaria is a polyethological disease. Allergic mechanisms of tissue damage are involved in the development of the allergic form of hives. Cytokines play a key role in all stages of development and maintenance of allergic inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the polymorphic loci of interleukins genes IL4 (rs2243250), IL4R (rs1805010), IL10 (rs1800872), IL13 (rs20541) and tumor necrosis factor gene TNF (rs1800629) in patients with hives and in the control group of individuals. The material for the study was DNA samples of 102 unrelated individuals with urticaria, and 153 healthy individuals living in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The DNA was isolated by phenol-chloroform extraction. Genotyping of polymorphic loci was carried out by real-time PCR. As a result of the analysis, we showed that the rs1800629*G allele and the rs1800629*G/G genotype of the TNF gene polymorphism are the markers of an increased risk of developing of chronic urticaria, rs2243250*C allele of the IL4 gene – of the acute urticaria, and the rs1800629*G/A genotype of the TNF gene is a marker of the urticaria with concomitant allergic diseases development. The data obtained by us are in part consistent with the results of other authors. Thus, in patients from Japan and Canada, the SNP rs2243250 of the IL4 gene is associated with the development of atopic dermatitis. The association of the TNF gene rs1800629 polymorphism with the development of bronchial asthma and atopy is indicated in patients from the USA and Spain. As in our study, patients with allergic dermatoses from Japan did not have an association of the IL4R gene SNP rs1805010 with the development of the disease. Nevertheless, a number of other studies have shown the association with the development of various allergic diseases of all the polymorphic loci we studied. Thus, this study shows an association with the development of urticaria of polymorphic variants of the TNF and IL4 genes.

In this paper we presented the results of approbation of the PCR method for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection based on the amplification of the 16S rRNA marker gene of bacterial DNA isolated from samples of gastric mucosa tissue from patients with gastroduodenal diseases in Yakutia.

For fifteen years, part of the work of our research team has been focused on the study of parental links between individuals living hundreds or thousands of years ago, whose remains have been found in single graves or large funerary complexes. The study of kinship in the ancient Yakuts allowed us to highlight the difficulties in analyzing genetic data from small ancient human groups and to develop a strategy to improve the accuracy of statistical computations. This paper describes the strategy and possible solutions to the study of populations outside of the frame of reference of global meta-populations, due either to isolation, remoteness or antiquity.

The effects of allelic polymorphisms of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) on behavioral reactions and EEG-responses in the stop-signal paradigm (SSP) were compared in the Russian and Yakut participants. It was revealed that the frequency of occurrence of the S-allele of the 5-HTT gene in the Yakuts was significantly higher (73%), than that in the Russians (39%). In the behavioral SSP measures, the SS genotype was associated with the higher indexes of the motor control in comparison with LL genotype. In EEG responses, the people with SS genotype showed shorter reactions in alpha frequency band in comparison with the people with LL genotype. Hypothetically, the genotype of SS gives the advantages for adaptation to environmental conditions, connected with a need to make decisions under a time deficiency, however it could be a disadvantage factor in the conditions demanding long concentration of attention during task execution.

We analyzed association of allelic rs1799883 options (FABP2) with metabolic syndrome and its components at representatives of the Yakut ethnic group (on self-determination) from Berdigestyakh village of the Gorniy region of Republic Sakha (Yakutia). The association of genotype AG with abdominal obesity was established at OR 1,7 (95% CI 1,01-2,99).

The article discusses the issues of informed consent for DNA testing at type 1 spinocerebellar ataxia, the most common hereditary disease with late onset of manifestation in the Yakut population. Different stages of obtaining informed consent in medical genetic counseling and in scientific research are described. The expediency of using the bioethical principle of non-disclosure of genetic information for a participant in a scientific study on the research of hereditary diseases with late manifestation is established.

The quality of life (QOL) and the communication ability of patients with DNA verified cases of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) were assessed with the SF-36 Questionnaire. The physical, psycho-emotional parameters of QOL and the communication ability of the patients with SCA1 with different frequencies of CAG repeats were revealed, and the relationship between the revealed parameter sand frequencies of CAG repetitions was clarified.

The article presents a survey of the results of studies of the ethnogenesis of the peoples of Siberia in the aspect of the genetic health of the ethnos, adapted to the extreme changes in seasonal changes in the high-latitude zone. The genome inherited from ancestors with a certain protective potential provides metabolic health and stability against stressful environmental influences. The genome of the Yakut ethnos is characterized by three main genetic components (58.5% - Central Siberian, 12.5% - European, 29% - East Asian), as well as a high level of homozygosity of the genome. In the Yakut population, the negative genetic component is manifested by a wide spectrum of age-dependent, genetically predisposed neurodegenerative diseases (multiple sclerosis, Viliuisk encephalitis, Parkinson’s disease and diseases with impaired motor functions, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spastic paraplegia and other). Also in recent years, the population is experiencing an increase in the burden of diseases with metabolic disorders. The main reason for the growth of the negative load of health disorders of the modern Yakut population is the consequence of genetic drift and conservatism of the genome.

Currently, in the HGMD database (The Human Gene Mutation Database) in the GJB2 gene, coding protein connexin 26 (Cx26), 390 different nucleotide changes have been announced, most of which are associated with deafness, of which 73% are single nucleotide (missense/ nonsense) variants. The pathogenetic role of most nonsense substitutions is obvious, as they lead to premature termination of translation and interruption of protein synthesis. It is more difficult to assess the mechanism of action of the missens replacement on protein, since they may have a damaging/partially damaging or neutral effect, depending on the location in the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. To assess the possible effect of amino acid substitutions on the structure and/or function of the protein, in the absence of structural and functional studies, the in silico prognostic method is used, which is completely performed by simulation computer programs. In this study, based on the established clinical significance, 7 missense variants of the GJB2 gene, detected as a result of the molecular genetics study of congenital deafness in Yakutia, 9 computer in silico predictive programs were tested. In order to identify the program with the most accurate prediction of the clinical significance of missense variants substitutions of the GJB2 gene, a comparative analysis of the informative parameters (accuracy, sensitivity and specificity) was carried out with the calculation of the correlation coefficient between the known clinical values of missense variants with in silico evaluation by the programs. In total, of the 9 analyzed programs, the most accurate in silico predictive estimates of the clinical significance of missense variants of the GJB2 gene were given by two programs - SIFT and PROVEAN (R = 0,73). The results obtained can help in carrying out bioinformatic analysis, in the case of detection of missense variants substitutions of the GJB2 gene, which were not described before in the literature.

 The research of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) association with arterial hypertension (AH) and myocardial infarction (MI) in population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) depending on ethnicity and gender is carried out. 

It has been established that the mutation m.1555A>G in the MT-RNR1 gene in the homoplasmic state is associated with non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss caused by the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics in many families of different ethnic origin. Earlier, the m.1555A>G mutation was detected on a small sample of patients (n = 65) in Yakutia with a frequency of 1.54%. In this study, we performed a search of the m.1555A>G mutation among additional sample of 108 hearing impaired individuals from Yakutia (Eastern Siberia, Russia). As a result, we found no mutation in this sample. When combining both samples (n=65 and n=108), the m.1555A>G mutation frequency in Yakutia is – 0.57% (1/173), and among the Yakut patients frequency of this mutation is 0.92% (1/108). The frequency of the m.1555A>G mutation among deaf patients in Yakutia is 0.57%, and is relatively low when compared with the global data.

Allelic polymorphism of serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR is connected with higher risk of vulnerability to the mental pathologies which are associated with disorders in regulation of emotional behavior. However, the influence of this polymorphism on predisposition to disorders significantly differs between different ethnic groups. The aim of our study is exploration of the 5-HTTLPR effects on the change of theta-band spectral power in EEG in the condition of recognition of written emotional sentences among Yakuts in comparison with Russians. 78 healthy Yakutian students and 82 healthy Russian students participated in the study. In EEG experiment, the participants were to find grammatical errors in the sentences written in Russian. These sentences contained implicit conditions: some of the sentences described unanimated objects, anxiety of participants, anxiety of other people, participants’ aggression, or aggression of other people. The probes of blood or buccal epithelium were taken from each participant for genetic analysis. It was revealed that the frequency of occurrence of S-allele of the 5-HTT gene was significantly higher among Yakuts (73%) than that among Russians (39%). According to EEG, the emotional sentences induced higher amplitude of theta-band synchronization in comparison with the neutral sentences among all the participants. The participants with the genotypes LS and SS showed essentially smaller differences in amplitude of EEG reaction after onset of sentences from different categories in comparison with the LL genotype carriers. Our study supports the hypothesis that S- allele of 5-HTTLPR is associated with lower sensitivity to emotion-related stimuli. It could be connected with the risk of affective pathologies among people with such an allele.

Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VE) is a neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology in development of which genetic factors have significant role. Study of HLA markers and other genes of immunity and analysis of exom sequencing in VE patients revealed features of the Yakut genome, predisposing to immunity dysfunction and functional insufficiency of proteolitic and phosphatase activity. In extreme environmental conditions these features may lead to dystrophic process development in the brain and distinguish type of encephalopathy as basis of VE pathogenesis.

The article presents an analysis of the repeated cases of the treatment in families burdened with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 for the period over 10 years as a widespread rapidly progressive neurodegenerative hereditary disease, representing a specific medical and social problem in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The analysis of the episodes of the repeated treatment for the prenatal DNA testing will allow to determine the competent tactics of medical care for burdened families who are at risk.

This review presents the results of studies of the genetic history of the Yakut (Sakha) people conducted by researchers of the Yakut Scientific Centre of Complex Medical Problems and M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University (Yakutsk, Russia) in collaboration with the researchers of the Estonian Biocentre (Tartu, Estonia) and the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics (Ufa Scientific Centre of RAS, Ufa, Russia), over the period 2002-2016. The obtained results are compared and contrasted with the reconstructions proposed by other groups of geneticists and with historical and archaeological hypotheses on the ethnogenesis of the Yakut (Sakha) people.

Stroke is a multifactorial disease. The stroke pathogenesis is caused by a combination of several risk factors. A determination of the genetic predisposition to stroke is especially important for young patients. Understanding the stroke development mechanisms is extremely useful for adequate treatment and secondary prevention of the disease. We present the case report of ischemic stroke in the young patient with basilar artery thrombosis and severe neurological symptoms. Diagnostics included the clinical, neurological, neuroimaging, ultrasound, immunological, molecular-genetic examination. Genotyping of polymorphisms of hemostasis system’s genes FV, FII, FVII, FXIII, FGB, ITGA2, ITGB3, PAI-I was conducted. It was found the carrying of the three polymorphisms associated with the thrombosis and ischemic stroke risk: genotype GA polymorphism - 455 G> A gene FGB, genotype CT polymorphism 807 C> T ITGA2 gene, 4G / 4G genotype of polymorphisms 5G> 4G gene PAI-I. Thrombophilia due to the carrying of these genetic variants in combination with an antiphospholipid syndrome, altered immune status, were predisposition factors of vertebro-basilar’s system ischemic stroke in the young patient.

The authors reported the results of the examination of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) at type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), ethnic Yakuts, permanently residing in the areas of the Leno-Amga interfluve to the third generation, registered in the state register of the SD of the RS (Ya). It is assumed that the development of DR at type 2 diabetes in ethnic Yakuts is due to the fact that the genetic (internal) factors involved in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates, the inflammatory process and oxidative stress, under the influence of environmental risk factors and hormonal expression in a certain age period, mainly in meno- and andropause, cause metabolic disorders and oxidative stress with an energy deficit in cells with active cleavage of ATP. Further chronic course of the inflammatory process and generalized oxidative stress lead to atherogenic damage of the vascular wall, causing pathological changes inherent to DR.

The article considers the propensity to deviant behavior, social and psychological adaptation and adaptability of children with hearing impairments. There were revealed significant differences in the expression of some indicators in a comparative analysis of the scale of deviant behavior of children with hearing impairment and children without it. The results of the study confirmed the relationship between deviant behavior and the adaptability of children with hearing impairment.

The results of studies on the adaptogenic properties of Fornicium uniflorum L. extracts has been given in the present article. The aim of the study was to evaluate stress-protective activity of extracts from Fornicium uniflorum L. at immobilization stress in white rats. The dry extract from Fornicium uniflorum rhizomes has stress protective properties in 18-hour immobilization stress simulated in white rats. It has been revealed that the given plant remedy prevents from the development of the “Selye’s triad” signs: hypertrophy of renal glands, involution of immune competent organs (thymus and spleen), as well it prevents heavy destructions in the stomach mucosa of white rats. It has been established that the stressprotective effect of the tested plant remedy is due to its inhibiting influence in the processes of free radical oxidation that is testified by the decrease in the concentration of TBA-active products. The antioxidant activity of the Fornicium uniflorum extract is due to the capacity of phytoecdysteroids and phenolic compounds contained in the plant, to render the direct antiradical effect, as well to increase the activity of the endogen antioxidant system of the defence in the animals.

The paper is devoted to the up-to-date problem of monitoring the functioning of artificial neural networks in predicting the quantitative health indicators in patients with pathologies of the hepatopancreatoduodenal zone. The article contains the list and detailed mathematical description of biostatistical techniques, as well as experience of their practical application on the example of forecasting the age of probable hospitalization of patients with peptic ulcer, cholecystitis and pancreatitis.

In the experiment, a morphofunctional assessment of liver changes in rats with dyslipidemia and its phytotherapeutic correction was performed. It was found that the appointment of an atherogenic diet is accompanied by an increase in the total blood cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins cholesterol and a decrease in the level of high density lipoproteins cholesterol. Against this background, the liver develops pathomorphological changes in the form of fatty hepatosis, necrobiosis and circulatory disorders. In addition, an increase in malonic dialdehyde concentration and inhibition of catalase activity are observed in rats liver homogenates. At the same time, the course introduction of phytoremedy normalizes the lipid metabolism, raises the activity of catalase in liver homogenates and reduces the content of malonic dialdehyde, and also reduces the severity of pathomorphological changes in the liver. Apparently, the polyvalent effect of phytoremedy is due to the content in its components of a complex of biologically active substances that exert lipid-lowering, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects.

Successful functioning of territorial programs of the preferential provision of medicines (PM) is possible at the correct assessment of population, changes of age and sex structure as bases of formation of requirement and objective justification of the application medical institutions taking into account medico-demographic indicators and structure of incidence of the population in territorial subjects of the Russian Federation in the territory of the FEFD.
The analysis of age and sex composition in territorial subjects of the Russian Federation in the territory of the FEFD reveals detailed features at a negative gain of male population, and is result of evolution of reproduction of the population. The main reason of the Russian «female overpoise», including territorial subjects of the Russian Federation in the territory of the FEFD – a consequence of the Great Patriotic War of the 20th century, participation of the Russian Federation in the local and international conflicts. Also male «supermortality» at able-bodied age and on diseases for the studied period (2010-2014) remains very high.

 The degree of influence of anthropogenic, techno-genetic loads on the state of the environment and the characterization of the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the population of the regions that make up the diamond province of Western Yakutia are analyzed. 

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world after Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of the disease varies widely in different ethnic and geographical groups. The purpose of the research is to study the epidemiological picture of PD in the population of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. We used the next sources of information: 1) own data collected during the examination of patients; 2) retrospective analysis of medical records about patients of the neurological department; 3) data from annual reports of neurologists; 4) the results of selective population studies conducted by the Department of neurology and psychiatry of Medical Institute of NEFU. All information was entered in the database «Register of patients with Parkinson’s disease in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic». The prevalence of PD in Yakutia was 67 per 100,000 of the adult population. The disease was more common in women than in men: 79.7 versus 52.9 per 100,000. The prevalence of the disease in Yakutsk was 76.5 per 100,000 population, and in the regions it varied widely from 9.8 to 185.6 per 100,000 population. The highest frequency of PD was found in the central regions (Gorny, Khangalassky), in the regions of the Vilyui group (Vilyuisky and Verkhnevilyuisky), as well as in Tattinsky, Abyisky, Verkhnekolymsky and Lensky regions. The prevalence of PD increased in the older age groups: in the 40-49 age group this parameter was 12.9 per 100,000, and in the 70 years and older group it was 527.5 per 100,000. We did not reveal statistical differences in prevalence of PD among the Yakut (75.4 per 100,000) and Russian (73.4 per 100,000) population. The incidence of PD persists at a low level, but over the past 5 years, there has been a tendency to increase it: if in 2011 it was 1.42 per 100,000, in 2016 it would be 3.86 per 100,000 population. Thus, we conducted an epidemiological study of PD in Yakutia for the first time, identified regional features, found that the disease with the same frequency occurs in the Yakut and Russian population.

 The dynamics of the structure of gastroenterological morbidity is analyzed on the example of 134 patients р. Vilyuchan of the Suntarsky district, who were under clinical observation for 20 years since 1980 and were subjected to repeated examinations (in 1990, 1997 and in 2001) 

The results of neonatal screening in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (RS (Y)) and the endocrinology department of the Pediatric Center RB- 1-NTSM for ten years on congenital dysfunction of the adrenal cortex (syn. Adrenogenital syndrome) are presented in the article. Adrenogenital syndrome is a group of diseases with an autosomal recessive type of inheritance, which is based on a defect of one of the enzymes or transport proteins involved in the biosynthesis of cortisol in the adrenal cortex. Neonatal screening for adrenogenital syndrome is an effective method of early diagnosis and treatment of a disease that can prevent the development of disabling complications and death. Coverage of newborns with neonatal screening in the RS (Y) annually increases. With timely treatment of adrenogenital syndrome, the rates of physical development and puberty of the child are approaching the norm. The prevalence of adrenogenital syndrome in the RS (Y) is lower than in the Russian Federation and its regions: in the Ural Federal District, in the Siberian Federal District. The most frequent occurrence of adrenogenital syndrome is observed in Alaska residents, the lowest in China. All patients have a lossy form of the disease. Analysis of patients identified by neonatal screening did not determine significant differences in gender, place of residence. In girls, the diagnosis was made immediately after birth due to the presence of virile syndrome. A case of an incorrect determination of the sex in a girl at birth was described on the patient’s medical chart and was diagnosed with hypospadias. Substitution therapy for the majority was started up to 21 days. All patients receive replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (Cortef, Cortineff) from the time of diagnosis in an individual dosage, depending on age. Acceleration of bone age is observed only in one child, in three, a decrease in the rate of growth and a lack of body weight. The organization of neonatal screening for adrenogenital syndrome in the RS (Y) allowed achieving a high percentage of the survey of newborns, reduction of the period of examination and early initiation of substitution therapy, prevention of disability of patients.

 In this article there are presented the modern data about the breastfeeding epidemiology in the countries with the different level of income, its influence on the mother’s and children’s health, the possible saved children’s and women’s lives.
This publication was prepared by using the papers in English including the modern systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the problem of breastfeeding and published like the Breastfeeding series in Lancet (2016).

The purpose of the publication is to highlight the problem of street injuries in Yakutsk, due to the lack of reliability and safety of its sidewalks. The main causes of natural origin include flooding of surface areas of Yakutsk, due to violation of the migratory routes of many water bodies with stagnant water regime, change the vertical layout and leading to negative redistribution of surface and ground waters. Showing geotechnical problems associated with the condition of sidewalks unreliability, low quality of construction and quality of materials used, as well as the lack of control of the state. As a result, a significant part of the city sidewalks, especially in the transitional periods are a major hazard to pedestrians who receive varying degrees of injuries. It was noted that the issues of safe, non-traumatical movement on the sidewalks in Yakutsk are relevant all year round, but they vary depending on the season. During the warmer months the main risk is related to the technical condition of the sidewalks and for moving around the pavement areas with defects or uneven surface it is enough to use attention and be careful. Often the movement in partially destroyed surfaces aggravates the process of their destruction. During the transition periods it is much more difficult, and sometimes impossible to avoid the danger. In SeptemberOctober and March-April in the city are common air temperature changes with transitions through 0 ° C, with partial melting of the previously fallen snow. As a result, when there’s a strong cold wind on a large part of the sidewalk there is an ice layer, which is a special danger to pedestrians. With the first snowfall, in medical institutions there is a large number of injured people. On the icy sidewalks, in yards of houses and on the steps of the stairs in public organizations people break the bones of hands and feet, ribs, and receive more serious injuries. There are ways recommended to remedy the situation to ensure the stability and reliability of urban pavements, as well as behaviour rules reducing the risk of injury in the street.

The work presents the characteristic of anatomy-topographic pecularities of the lower jaw. We describe in detail age changes of the branch and angular width of the lower jaw which need to be considered for carrying out adequate local anesthesia at dental interventions. The article speaks about features of anatomical structure of the lower jaw depending on gender, where indicators of the chin square contour, expressivenesses of the submental eminence and adventive eminence, a deviation of tops of corners outside and eminence edge of corners have age and gender distinctions. Besides there are data on structure change of the bone tissue of the body of the lower jaw during human life. Similar changes in anatomy and topography are undergone by the mandibular channel. So, men have a distance from tops of roots of the first and second molar to the mandibular channel more than women and have three options of passing of the channel (high, average, lower). The mandibular channel in the body of the lower jaw is S-shape bent, as much as possible adjoining to a lingual cortiсal plate in the field of the third and second molars, turns on 45º around the first molar, approaches a cheek cortical plate and at right angle leaves a mental opening. At the same time the channel keeps a S-shaped form also in the vertical plane. Meanwhile, patients with a full edentia have reduction of distance between the mandibular channel and alveolar shoot of the lower jaw.
It is important to note what for carrying out adequate local anesthesia of the lower jaw has a certain value position of a lingula in age aspect which is located in front of mandibular foramen. At the same time the cross section of a lingual nerve on all its extent varies in form. Collateral branches of a lingual nerve innervate retromolar space and area of the lower third molar. And the lower alveolar nerve after an exit through a mental foramen is variable and asymmetric on different sides of the lower jaw – from one powerful trunk, without branches, to a series of the small branches which are scattered in the field of foramen.
It should be noted that when carrying out conduction types of anesthesia of the lower alveolar nerve there is a probability of traumatizing chorda of a temporal muscle, medial wing-shaped muscle, wedge-shaped and mandibular ligament, wing-shaped and mandibular ligament, neurovascular bunch entering into channel of the lower jaw, a wing-shaped venous texture, a maxillary artery, etc. that can promote formation of hematoma in wing-shaped and maxillary space and movement disorder of the lower jaw.
At the same time the main reasons for development of neurologic deformations after blockade of the lower alveolar nerve are traumatizing of the nerve by needle especially at repeated anesthesia as at the same time there is no protective painful reflex, injuring by the deformed needle edge (a fishing hook), endoneural introduction of anesthetic, fast introduction of solution of anesthetic (hydropreparation) at which happens stratification of covers of a nerve and neurotoxic effect of anesthetic.
All this dictates need of carrying out the further researches directed to the improvement of blockade of the lower alveolar nerve taking into account anatomy-topographical pecularities of the lower jaw.

The main questions of apitherapy application in cardiology from the sources up to the present are presented in this article. Modern ideas about the efficiency of bee products application in treatment of cardiovascular diseases are presented. The indications and basic methods of apitherapy in cardiology are provided. The characteristic of the Yakut honey is given.

This article focuses on a rare disease -- Alport syndrome in children. Alport syndrome has a poor prognosis as it leads to the development of chronic renal failure. In addition to the renal symptoms in children with Alport syndrome is marked hearing loss; various eye disorders; delayed physical development; congenital anomalies (deformed ears, high palate, joined or extra fingers – no more 7 signs);rarely – Lam. The article presents a clinical observation of Alport syndrome in a child 16 years of age.

There are six cases of Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Syndrome (or Acardia) in ultrasound prenatal diagnostics in the period from 2009 – July, 2013; one of the cases is presented in the triplet pregnancy