The analysis of autopsy with interruptions of pregnancy up to 22 weeks of gestation and fetal weight up to 500g due to congenital malformations was carried out in the pathology department SBI RS (Y) «RH №1 - National Center for Medicine» for 2010-2012. The results of the study show growth trend a number of investigations of congenital malformations in the total autopsies of fetuses. In the structure of CM multiple congenital malformations, genetic and chromosomal anomalies and malformations of the central nervous system with predominance of female fetuses in most groups CM are considered to be the leading ones. The higher prevalence rate of the diagnosed CM is noted among women of optimal reproductive age from 20 to 34 years as well as among indigenous women.

The analysis of autopsy of children, newborns and stillborn fetuses with congenital anomalies carried out in the pathology department of the Republican Hospital №1 - NCM for 2010-2012 is presented. Results of the study testify to the increase of stillbirths and deaths of children with congenital malformations compared with 2003-09.

Antenatal health risk factors, a clinical course of cerebral ischemia of moderate severity and a morphological brain structure of infants with intrauterine adenovirus infection are studied. Scientists have found the higher incidence rate of acute nasopharyngitis, exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis and chronic placental insufficiency at pregnant women. In early neonatal period children often had a hypertension-hydrocephalic syndrome, conjunctivitis, vesicular infection and intrauterine growth, sclerosis and pia mater congestion, stasis in choroid plexus capillaries, alterative changes of ependymocytes caused by neurotoxic virus effect.

In this research we have evaluated a liver fibrosis degree at patients with chronic viral hepatitis by means of two different methods: liver puncture biopsy and fibroscanning. It is established that there are some objective difficulties in carrying out and assessing results of the elastometry at children. This method definitely underestimates the fibrosis degree. Now, the liver biopsy is noted to be the most reliable way of assessing children liver fibrosis.

The retrospective analysis of medicolegal data of sudden deaths of infants aged from 0 to 12 months at home was carried out for 2011 - 2014. We analyzed the structure and characteristics of the cases of mortality of infants with the exception of violent deaths and home birth deaths cases. A complex of clinicopathologic assessment allowed to classify two nosologic groups: deaths from viral pneumonia and deaths from sudden infant death syndrome. Histopathology of pneumonia death cases was characterized by bilateral total macrophage-desquamative pneumonia with hemorrhagic component of viral etiology analyzed by morphological and virologic methods of examination. Тhe sudden infant death syndrome analysis did not show any evident pathomorphological findings which might be considered as a death cause. It should be noted that the sudden infant death occurred in apparently healthy infants.

Morphological features of pulmonary artery and aorta in fetuses and newborns have been studied in order to determine morphological changes in endothelial cover of the pulmonary artery and the aorta in fetuses and newborns affected by chronic fetal hypoxia (CFH) as a result of the experiment on laboratory WAG rats on modeling fetal hypoxia of newborns with asphyxia in delivery. According to results of the research in the pulmonary artery and the aorta of fetuses and newborns affected by CFH deterioration of trophic processes in the endotheliocyte has been found due to thickening of basal membranes. It causes cells flattening, decrease of adhesive properties which is evidenced by decreased expression of receptors CD 34 by endothelium, and their desquamation amplification. Also sclerotic changes in the basal membranes of both vessels have been also determined due to interstitial collagen type III appearance against type IV collagen deficiency.

184 biopsy materials have been investigated since 2013 (16 men and 168 women aged from 89 to 18). Among men middle age of patients amounted to 38,1±12,2, among women 49,2±13,1. Different types of tumors were found out in 67 cases, that was 36,4% of all thyroid pathology. The most frequent kind is a follicle adenoma - 42 supervisions (64,6% of all tumors), 13 from these cases combine with nodular goiter (20% of all tumors) and 4 cases (6,2%) with autoimmune thyroids. Malignant tumors were found out in 25 cases, the most frequent kind is a papillary cancer (19 cases - 28,4%). Other kinds: medullar cancer and undifferentiated cancer for 2 cases (3%), follicle cancer and combination of follicle chasse with papillary for to a 1 case (1,5%).

The authors analyzed the results of cryoablation of benign and malignant tumors of the skin and mucosa in 7927 patients from 1994 to 2014.

The results of the study indicate high efficiency of cryosurgical treatment in outpatient settings.

Pathological differential diagnosis of primary high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma (Gleason sum 6) and benign prostatic hyperplasia in transrectal prostate biopsy has been conducted with using an optimized panel of antibodies to cytokeratin 34βE12, cytokeratins 5 and 6, protein P63, AMACR, PSA and/or PSAP, which in 100% of cases conduced to establish the appropriate diagnosis. This immunohistochemical analysis can be recommended for carrying out life-time pathotogical diagnostics of prostate cancer besides the traditional research of a material from 12-24 points of biopsy with coloring of micropreparations with hematoxylin-eozin and determining a degree grade by Gleeson’s scale.

Data of pathomorphological and immunohistochemical research of breast cancer at male population of Yakutia are presented in this article. At all male patients BC is revealed in the setting of gynecomastia before metastases in lymph nodes, presented in a structure of infiltrative ductal BC with an immunophenotype of luminal A subtype.

A retrospective analysis of uneven distribution of tissue structures in breast cancer as a criterion for the prognosis is carried out. The standard statistical indicators which reflect variability of morphological parameters were applied. We found out the individual coefficient of variation of cancer structures in some optimal number of analyzed visual fields of the histology microslide to be the most informative and objective parameter statistically conjugated with the prognosis.

In order to detect precancerous forms of chronic gastritis in the conditions of the North with use of modern noninvasive immunoenzymometric methods of diagnostics (the GastroPanel test set) a number of population from the settlements Vitim and Tolon of the Lensky region of RS(Ya) with chronic gastritis are examined. We revealed that the survey method «Gastropanel» allows to receive information on structure and function of gastric mucosa as well as to identify patients with expressed atrophic gastritis referring to a group of oncological risk with high sensitivity and specificity.

The characteristics of histotopography of fibrous components and distributions of α-SMA-positive activated material are studied by methods of histochemistry molecular immunohistochemistry and digital photomorphometry with the purpose of quantitation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma desmoplastic stroma and focuses with severe fibrosis (CP) in chronic pancreatitis. Indicators of relative area of Masson-positive connective fibrous components and expressions of α-isoform smooth muscle actin are calculated as well. It has been established that the α-SMA quantitative expression in activated PSC of stromal desmoplastic ductal adenocarcinoma is significantly higher than in focuses with severe fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis. Thus, the expansion in the number of α-SMA-positive activated PSC correlates directly with increasing Masson-positive connective stroma component due to the strong relation between these parameters and moderate association between these parameters in patients with chronic pancreatitis.

In this study increase of expression Bcl-2 in zones of granulomatous inflammation and in lung parenchyma is revealed as well as an increasing rate of Bax-positive cells with change in the ratio of expression Bcl-2/Bax (coefficient of apoptosis). The balance pro- and antiapoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 family defines sensitivity of the cell to proapoptotic incentives that indicates activation of anti-apoptotic mechanisms in infected cells at VICh/TB coinfecton.

We studied morphological changes in the regional intra chest lymph nodes with drug-resistant fibro-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis. Macroscopically all groups of lymph nodes were increased in sizes, indurated, with small foci of caseous necrosis. At the microscopic research of regional intra chest lymph nodes on the background of hyperplasia there was sharp narrowing and devastation of a T-zone with atrophy of a significant amount of lymphoid follicles. Thus, in the group with multidrug resistance the width of the paracortical zone is twice less than in the groups with monoresistance and remained constant drug resistance. Its bound with the cortical zone wasn’t determined. The higher rate of pathomorphological changes were observed in the groups with polyresistance and multidrug resistance.

As a purpose there has been the study of water content with a «flowering» phenomenon, falling into the centralized water system from surface reservoirs and its effect on FAS-ligand content and anticardiolipin antibodies in blood of parturient women and newborns’ cord blood from two cities of the Kharkov region Bogodukhov (the artesian water-supply) and Chuguev (the water intake from Seversky Donets), they being characterized by prolonged «flowering» of the surface. We have found some facts indicating the negative effect of cyanobacteria and their metabolites contained in drinking water and organism as well.

Ways of optimization of the pathological research in nosocomial pneumonia at patients with brain strokes are presented in this article. In many respects, they are concerned to the development and practical application of new approaches in research methodology of lung tissue in a low-impact autopsy. The improvement of the low-impact technology autopsy, the widespread use of different methods of coloring histological sections, the use of bacteriological, bacterioscopic research methods of lung tissue and cerebrospinal fluid are considered of great importance. If there is a mobile X-ray installation in the postmortem department the plan radiography of the chest is supposed. For a more detailed study of the ventricular system, vascular network, location and size of the pathological process in the body for justified reasons the brain CT is carried out. The development of the mortem examination at nosocomial pneumonia caused by cerebral strokes is associated with lifetime analysis of clinical, laboratory, functional, instrumental data correlated to the autopsy results.

Results of morphometric researches showed that babies died from acute intestinal infections had initially the grown number of stromal cells in lymphoid tissue of both iliac and large intestines of reticular and macrofagal origin with development of destructive changes in them. Paralell with these changes increase of the number of average lymphocytes is noted as the reaction of the immune system of intestines to an infection of active average lymphocytes. In addition to the changes above mentioned, during the subsequent age periods of babies there is growth in the quantity of small lymphocytes in composition of lymphoid follicles, which increases on average in 10-15 times as compared to the norm.

Gastric biopsy specimens in acute hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome cases were examined using indirect immunolabeling of the viral antigen assisted by confocal laser scanning and electron microscopy. Degenerative and necrotic cellular changes combined with signs of focal hyperplasia of gastric focal epithelium and incipient shift of epithelial differentiation towards mucocytes to the profound epithelial proliferation combined with poor differentiation of highly specialized cells (chief and parietal cells) were revealed. Ultrastructural virus-specific inclusions in the cells were found and dependence thereof on the adaptive rearrangement of gastric mucosa was established.

To identify specificity of microvascular damage of the brain and a degree of structural abnormalities of vessel walls in diabetes (D) types 1 and 2 the morphological, morphometric and immunohistochemical research of autopsy cerebellum of patients with diabetes mellitus has been conducted. The structural change of brain microvessels in diabetes is noted to be a long-term process and characterized by low levels of expression of proliferation markers and apoptosis in fibrosis and hyalinosis according to the immunohistochemical study. The staging of microvascular damage of the brain in DM is defined, 3 morphological stages are allocated.

Аutopsy protocols with diabetes mellitus are studied with certifying causes of death, macroscopic and histological changes in a heart. Ischemic heart disease was considered to be the most common cause of death of these patients. Myocardial infarction at diabetes mellitus was noted more frequently at women, differed by frequency of atypical forms, aneurysm and breaks.

Morphological analysis of macro- and microstructures of thyroid gland at native male population of the Republic Sakha (Yakutia) in different seasons has been conducted. The males’ thyroid gland appeared to be normoplastic mixed type of structure, indicators of outer and inner thyroid gland follicles diameter in winter were authentically bigger than in summer. The same tendency was observed when thyroid gland follicular - colloidal index was calculated. On a basis of the data obtained the assessment of impact of a season temperature factor on the thyroid gland structural indices was attempted, it being used as morphological equivalent of the body adaptation processes in northern regions.

In this research the group of authors performed a topomorphometric analysis of a breast tissue of Yakut women who decided to change their breast shape. The data obtained allow to systemize a tactics in performing the surgical intervention.

We studied causation of the frequency of thyroid gland pathology in the population of Penza and the Penza region and content of iron, nitrites and fluorine in water; cadmium, copper, zinc and lead in soil. High correlation of microelements in the water and in the soil is noted with the prevalence rate of diffusion craw, hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. Effect of mineralization is manifested not only within the same year, but also there is a delayed effect.

The study of mortality rate due to venous thromboembolic disorders (VTED) for 2009-2011 was conducted based on autopsy studies. The plan of the survey: age, gender, time of the year, disease, date of death, a source of primary thrombus formation, changes in lung tissue, a level of pulmonary venous obstruction by embologenic masses. The mean age of VTED deceased people was 58 years. The women were noted more frequently than the men. The VTED cases occurred mostly in winter months. The pathology structure treated: a postoperative period after multidisciplinary surgical interventions, of strokes, multidisciplinary therapeutic pathology. The venous sinuses of lower leg were one of the common causes of primary thrombi formation.

Surgical approach of treatment of embologenic venous thromboses in the inferior vena cava segment is presented. The most part of patients are operated in the first days of admittance. They were mainly in the subacute period of venous thrombosis that testifies to insufficiently effective work of primary surgical link and surgical departments. Operations were performed on iliac segment, inferior vena cava, including either thrombectomy from the suprarenal inferior vena cava or thrombectomy from the right heart or embolectomy from pulmonary arteries in temporary occlusion of vena cava, bandaging of the infrarenal vena cava segment, nephrectomy, alloprosthesis of the suprarenal vena cava segment. The active surgical approach of treating patients with floating thromboses of the inferior vena cava segment allows to save patients in 98% cases.

In this research we established structural changes in all layers of rats’ uterus due to alimentary magnesium deficiency accompanied by significant deviations of quantitative morphological indices that testify to multidirectional dynamics of changes with prevalence of impaired blood circulation and development of atrophic processes. When carrying out pharmacological correction of alimentary magnesium deficiency by magnesium sulfate and magnesium taurinat there has been positive dynamics of various on expressiveness with compensatory and adaptive changes in an uterus.

In this report the profile of thyroid glands diseases is detected subject to iodine deficient background and industrial development of the Vladimirskiy region RF.

The study of anthropometric measures and body proportions of Yakut women from different age groups (I and II periods of middle-aged, elderly and senile age groups). The age variation of the length and proportions of women’s bodies has been established (higher parameters of body length, lower index of pelvis width, higher index of trunk length at women of the I and II middle-aged period as compared with the women of older age groups). The assessment of body proportionality of the Yakut females of the RS(Y) has identified some not age-related features: rectangle body shape and relative leg shortness. Such anthropological characteristics show that there is age and regional variability of the physical status of the population of Yakutia promoting active life in the contemporary conditions of Yakutia.

Inguinal and iliac lymph nodes regional to a modeling tumor are investigated by methods of the light microscopy. With modeling of the neoplastic process some changes in inguinal lymph nodes connected with angiomegaly of cortical substance are noted. The hyperplasia of a cortical layer is regarded as a reflection of the antagonism of humoral and cellular immunity existing at certain stages of the tumor growth. The structural modifications in modeling of the experimental tumor are marked in a smaller degree in the iliac lymph nodes.

In this experimental study macroscopic and microscopic features of kidneys of fetuses and neonates affected by chronic fetal (CFH), acute postnatal (APH) and mixed hypoxia (MH) are established. The authors have shown that CFH and MH result in reduction of kidney weight in fetuses and newborns, and APH does not affect the weight of the newborn kidney. In kidneys of fetuses and newborns there were signs of immaturity, degenerative, necrotic, inflammatory, sclerotic changes, hemodynamic disturbances and signs of edema, they mostly marked in modeling MH and CFH and moderately marked in modeling APH. The identified structural changes in the kidneys of fetuses and neonates affected by different types of hypoxia can lead to the development of nephrologic pathology in these children in the future ontogenesis.

We studied the microanatomical organization of larynx lymphoid tissue and mesenteric lymph nodes of rats based on antigenic exposure. Changes in the larynx lymphoid tissues were analyzed after diamond dust exposure to a body in different periods of the experiment. Mesenteric lymph nodes were examined after experimental exotoxicosis through the intraperitoneal injection of 50% oil solution of carbon tetrachloride. We determined that the 3-day exposure to a larynx mucous membrane with diamond dust caused increase of the number of lymphoid tissue. The prolonged exposure (30 days) resulted in reduction of the amount of lymphoid tissue on larynx walls. In MLN as a reaction to exotoxicosis the hypertrophy of paracortex, cortex, lymphoid nodules, and growth of pulpous strands, marginal, cortical and medullar sinuses in lymph nodes were observed. In both cases the changes occurred due to the activation of a lymphoid apparatus focused on processing the toxicant.

In this article results of the audiological examination testifying to auditory threshold variability at deaf patients with splice site c.-23+1G>A mutation in GJB2 gene in homozygous state are presented. According to this study this GJB2-genotype is characterized by (horizontal) flat or sloping audioprofile. There are recommendations for applying the results obtained in practice.

At the present time new methods of teaching ultrasound diagnosis using a virtual simulator are needed to be applied. The ultrasonic simulator has many advantages in developing practical skills and thus increasing training of doctors.

Results of the analysis of cases of surgical treatment of gallstone disease based on the National Medical Center of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for 2008 - 2013 are presented. Due to inefficiency of conservative treatment during 12-24 hours the urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCE) was conducted. For patients with complicated forms of cholecystitis a two-stage treatment with LCE on the second stage was conducted. The study showed that the combination of acute cholecystitis disease with gepatoduodenopancreatic zone the urgent LCE can be successfully applied.