The use of stem cells in osteoplasty of jaw defects: a cell-engineering approach

The use of stem cells in osteoplasty of jaw defects is one of the most promising areas of modern cellular engineering regenerative medicine. Traditional osteoplasty methods have a number of limitations, from the risk of infections and pain to the limited amount of available graft. In this regard, stem cells open up new possibilities for creating biologically active structures capable of stimulating osteogenesis and restoring complex structures of the maxillofacial region. The review systematizes current data on the use of periodontal ligament (PDLSC), dental pulp (DPSC) and jawbone (JBMSC) stem cells in osteoplasty of jaw defects. Their morphological and molecular characteristics, osteogenic potential, interaction with the microenvironment of the defect, as well as integration with biomaterials and growth factors are considered. Special attention is paid to the results of preclinical and clinical studies confirming the safety and effectiveness of cellular therapies aimed at restoring the cement–periodontal ligament–bone complex and improving the osseointegration of implants. In addition, the work analyzes existing preclinical models of jawbone defects in small and large animals, providing an experimental basis for evaluating the effectiveness of cellular engineering structures and developing safe protocols for clinical use. The importance of DPSC and JBMSC exosomes as biologically active factors enhancing osteogenic differentiation and tissue regeneration is noted. The obtained data emphasize the high prospects of using stem cells from the oral cavity for bone tissue regeneration, the development of new biocompatible materials and individualized therapeutic strategies. The presented review can serve as a scientific basis for creating effective, safe and clinically justified approaches to the treatment of maxillofacial defects and improving the results of implantation therapy.

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