SARS-CoV-2 viral load in newborns with COVID-19
A. A. Parshina,
Ye. V. Moskaleva,
A. G. Petrova,
L. V. Rychkova,
O. B. Ogarkov,
E. A. Orlova,
A. S. Vanyarkina,
E. A. Novikova,
E. D. Kasantseva https://doi.org/10.25789/YMJ.2023.81.16
Abstract
The aim. Investigation of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load in newborns with COVID-19 of different severity.
Materials and methods. The main group was composed of 44 newborns with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19. 168 children aged from 1 month to 17 years old with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 were included in the group of comparison. SARS-CoV-2 viral load was measured as amount of viral RNA copies in 1 ml of nasopharyngeal mucosa using the regression model and presented as lg of the amount. The results presented as Me[Q1;Q3].
Results. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in newborns was detected significantly higher as compared to children aged 1-17 years: 3,2×106[5,7×104; 7,8×107] and 1,3×105[2,6×104; 1,2×107] respectively and no association has been revealed between nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load and disease severity, lung injury and the type of feeding.
Discussion. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load presumably reflects epidemiological circumstances and tends to decrease as the disease develops. It can be due to virus dissemination to lung tissue, vessel walls and other organs that followed by fall of number of viral particles in upper respiratory tract. While elimination of virus from mucosa on the early stages after infection probably depends on efficiency of innate immunity (which mechanisms can kill and/or impede virus invasion before immune response develops), viral load in blood and internal organs tissues, as well as favorable course of the disease, mainly depends on ‘proportionate’ immune response. So that, assessing the viral load and its significance for disease development should be performed considering the day after infection.
Conclusions. High level of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load in newborns along with mostly mild COVID-19 course can be based on age-correlated features such as: immature immunity mechanisms, low expression of ACE2 receptors, the absence of comorbidity and intake of innate immunity factors while breastfeeding.
About the Authors
A. A. Parshina
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Parshina Anastasiya A. – MD, PhD, Research Officer of the Laboratory of Infectology and Immune Prophylaxis in Pediatrics
Ye. V. Moskaleva
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moskaleva Yekaterina V. – MD, PhD, Research Officer of the Laboratory of Infectology and Immune Prophylaxis in Pediatrics
A. G. Petrova
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Petrova Alla G. – MD, PhD, DSc, Chief Research Officer, the Head of the Laboratory of Infectology and Immune Prophylaxis in Pediatrics
L. V. Rychkova
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Rychkova Lyubov V. – MD, PhD, chief researcher, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director
O. B. Ogarkov
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Ogarkov Oleg B. – MD, Head of the Department of epidemiology and microbiology
E. A. Orlova
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Orlova Elizaveta A. – MD, Research Assistant, Graduate Student of the Laboratory of epidemiologically and socially significant infections
A. S. Vanyarkina
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Vanyarkina Anastasiya S. – PhD, Research Officer of the Laboratory of Infectology and Immune Prophylaxis in Pediatrics
E. A. Novikova
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Novikova Evgenia A. – MD, Research Assistant of the Laboratory of Infectology and Immunoprophylaxis in Pediatrics
E. D. Kasantseva
Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Kasantseva Ekaterina D. – MD, Graduate Student of the Laboratory of Infectology and Immune Prophylaxis in Pediatrics
References
1. Viral load in COVID-19: an underestimated clinical and epidemiological marker / E.A. Orlova [et al.] // Acta biomedica scientifica. 2021. Vol. 6, No. 1. P. 33-39. doi: 10.29413/ABS.2021-6.1.5.
2. Genetic conditionality of the severity of COVID-19 and subsequent reinfection / O.V. Krusko, E.A. Novikova, P.K. Potapov, A.G. Petrova // Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2022. Vol. 24, No. 3. P. 593-604. DOI 10.17816/brmma109132.
3. Dolgopolov I.S., Rykov M.Yu. Coronavirus infection COVID-19 in children: literature review // Russian Pediatric Journal. 2022. Vol. 3, No. 1. P. 32-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/rpj.v3i1.2415
4. Clinical case: postcovid multisystem syndrome in a child of 7 months / S.V. Markova, T.G. Dmitrieva, D.A. Novopriezdaya, A.A. Munkhalov // Yakut Medical Journal. 2022. Vol. 3, No. 79. P. 121-124. DOI 10.25789/YMJ.2023.81.31.
5. Kobylskikh T.P. Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic / T.P. Kobylskikh, N.N. Smirnova // Children's Medicine of the NorthWest. 2022. Vol. 10, No. 2. P. 47-50.
6. Features of the course of identified COVID-19 in newborn children / E.V. Vodovozova, L.N. Ledeneva, M.S. Pustabaeva [et al.] // Russian Pediatric Journal. 2022. Vol. 3, No. 1. P. 73.
7. Pro- and antioxidant status in newborns with COVID-19 / L.V. Rychkova, M.A. Darenskaya, A.G. Petrova [et al.] // Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2022. Vol. 174, No. 10. P. 472-476. DOI 10.47056/0365-9615-2022-174-10-472-476
8. The state of antioxidant status in children and adolescents with COVID-19 / L.V. Rychkova, M.A. Darenskaya, N.V. Semenova [et al.] // Acta Biomedica Scientifica (East Siberian Biomedical Journal). 2021. Vol. 6, No. 6-2. P. 29-36.
9. The state of immune status indicators in children after a new coronavirus infection / E.V. Moskaleva, A.G. Petrova, L.V. Rychkova [et al.] // Acta Biomedica Scientifica (East Siberian Biomedical Journal). 2021. Vol. 6, No. 2. P. 58-62. DOI 10.29413/ABS.2021-6.2.6.
10. Yakubova L.R., Gumenyuk O.I., Chernenkov Yu.V. Breastfeeding during the incidence of COVID-19 // Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2021. Vol. 66, No. 4. P. 226.
11. A Meta-analysis on the role of children in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in household transmission clusters / Y. Zhu, C.J. Bloxham, K.D. Hulme [et al.] // Clin Infect Dis. 2021.V. 72. N. 12: e1146–e1153. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1825.
12. Antibody responses after COVID-19 infection in patients who are mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic in Bangladesh / T. Shirin, T.R. Bhuiyan, R.C. Charles [et al.] // International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020. V. 101. P. 220-225.
13. Comparison of seroconversion in children and adults with mild COVID-19 / Z.Q. Toh, J. Anderson, N. Mazarakis [et al.] // JAMA Netw Open. 2022. V. 5. N. 3: e221313. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.1313.
14. Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from 18 infected women / C. Chambers, P. Krogstad, K. Bertrand. [et al.] // JAMA. 2020.V. 324.P. 1347–8.
15. Oxidative stress intensity in children and adolescents with a new coronavirus infection / L.V. Rychkova, M.A. Darenskaya, N.V. Semenova [et al.] // International Journal of Biomedicine. 2022. V. 12. N. 2. P. 242-246.
16. Resolution of viral load in mild COVID-19 patients is associated with both innate and adaptive immune responses / S. Anantharaja, G.N. Verma, A.K Naseem. [et al.] // Journal of Clinical Virology. 2022. V. 146: 105060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105060.
17. Robust innate responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children resolve faster than in adults without compromising adaptive immunity / M. Vono, A. Huttner, S. Lemeille [et al.] // Cell Rep. 2021. V. 37, № 1: 109773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109773.
18. Saadaoui M. COVID-19 Infection during pregnancy: risk of vertical transmission, fetal, and neonatal outcomes / M. Saadaoui, M. Kumar, S. Al Khodor. J // Pers Med. 2021.V. 11. P. 483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11060483.
19. SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality / J. Fajnzylber, J. Regan, K. Coxen [et al.] // Nat Commun. 2020. V. 11. P. 5493. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19057-5.
20. SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality / Fajnzylber, J., Regan, J., Coxen, K. [et al.] // Nature communications. 2020. V.11. N. 1. P. 1-9.
21. The association of viral load and disease severity in children with COVID-19 / K. Aykac, B.C. Cura Yayla, Y. Ozsurekci [et al]. // J Med Virol. 2021. V. 93: 3077- 3083. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26853.
22. The relationship between COVID-19 viral load and disease severity: A systematic review / O. Dadras, A.M. Afsahi, Z. Pashaei [et al.] // Immun Inflamm. 2022. V. 10. N. 3: e580. doi:10.1002/iid3.580.
23. Viral dynamics and real-time RT-PCR Ct values correlation with disease severity in COVID-19 / A.A. Rabaan, R. Tirupathi, A.A. Sule [et al.] // Diagnostics. 2021. V. 11. № 6. P. 1091.
24. Viral dynamics in asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 / Zhou R., Li F., Chen F., [et al.] // International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020. V. 96. P. 288-290.
25. Viral load and disease severity in COVID-19 / R.D. Pawar, L. Balaji, S. Mehta [et al.] // Intern Emerg Med. 2022. V. 17. P. 359-367. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02786-w.
26. Virologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Children / L.M. Yonker, J. Boucau, J. Regan [et al.] // J Infect Dis. 2021. V. 224. N. 11. P. 1821-1829. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab509.
27. Virological and immunological features of SARS-CoV-2 infected children with distinct symptomatology / N. Cotugno, A. Ruggiero, G.R. Pascucci [et al.] // Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021. V. 32. N. 8. P. 1833-1842. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13585.
28. Zimmermann P. Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections / P. Zimmermann, N. Curtis // Arch Dis Child. 2020. archdischild-2020-320338. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-320338.
Review
For citations:
Parshina A.A., Moskaleva Ye.V., Petrova A.G., Rychkova L.V., Ogarkov O.B., Orlova E.A., Vanyarkina A.S., Novikova E.A., Kasantseva E.D. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in newborns with COVID-19. Yakut Medical Journal. 2023;(1):63-66. https://doi.org/10.25789/YMJ.2023.81.16
Views:
21
Email this article 