ymjЯкутский медицинский журналYakut Medical Journal1813-19052312-1017ЯНЦ КМП10.25789/YMJ.2023.81.25ymj-228Research ArticleНАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИSCIENTIFIC REVIEWS AND LECTURESВлияние COVID-19 на изменение когнитивных функцийThe role of COVID-19 in modified cognitive functioningМустафинР. Н.MustafinR. N.

Мустафин Рустам Наилевич – к.м.н., доцент

Mustafin Rustam Nailevich – PhD, associate professor

ruji79@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3744-8058КазанцеваА. В.KazantsevaA. V.

Казанцева Анастасия Валерьевна – к.б.н., с.н.с.

Kazantseva Anastasiya Valerievna – PhD in Biology, senior researcher; Subdivision

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-3334ХуснутдиноваЭ. К.KhusnutdinovaE. K.

Хуснутдинова Эльза Камилевна – д.б.н., проф., чл.-корр. РАО, директор; зав. кафедрой

Khusnutdinova Elza Kamilevna – Doctor in Biology, Professor, corresponding member, Director; head of the department

Башкирский ГМУРоссияBashkir State Medical UniversityRussian FederationИнститут биохимии и генетики – обособленного структурного подразделения Уфимского ФИЦ РАН; Уфимский университет науки и технологийРоссияInstitute of Biochemictry and Genetics; Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationИнститута биохимии и генетики УФИЦ РАН; Уфимский университет науки и технологийРоссияInstitute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS; UUSTRussian Federation20230602202501100105Copyright © Мустафин Р.Н., Казанцева А.В., Хуснутдинова Э.К., 20252025Мустафин Р.Н., Казанцева А.В., Хуснутдинова Э.К.Mustafin R.N., Kazantseva A.V., Khusnutdinova E.K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ymj.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/228

Сделано предположение, что когнитивные нарушения у людей, перенесших COVID-19, обусловлены изменением эпигенетической регуляции нейронов головного мозга вследствие активации ретроэлементов под влиянием вируса SARS-CoV-2. С целью подтверждения роли транспозонов в изменении функционирования головного мозга у больных COVID-19 исследована научная литература и результаты мета-анализов за последние 3 года. Выявлено, что SARS-CoV-2 оказывает влияние на головной мозг не только за счет прямого воздействия, индукции воспаления и коагулопатии, но и путем активации ретроэлементов, транскрипты которых процессируются в микроРНК. Это отражается на изменениях эпигенетической регуляции генов в нейронах головного мозга, что, в свою очередь, отражается на когнитивных функциях. Ретроэлементы способствуют инсерциям в геном человека к ДНК вируса SARS-CoV-2, которые являются причинами развития долговременных изменений когнитивных функций у перенесших COVID-19 пациентов.

SARS-CoV-2 virus impairs cognitive functions during illness and in long-term periods: from 3 months (in 44% of patients) to one year (in 16.2% - 63% of patients) after recovery. Cognitive deficits are more common in patients with severe COVID-19, especially those treated in the intensive care unit, and with infection duration of more than 28 days. Such consequences are associated with direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the functioning of brain neurons and changes mediated by endothelial dysfunction due to impaired blood supply to the cerebral cortex. The long-term results of the viral effect on brain neurons are due to immune responses to the virus multiplying in cells and to changes in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The immune response leads to inflammation, which is expressed in the form of encephalitis, encephalopathy, anosmia, hypogeusia and is reflected in the development of cognitive deficit. Epigenetic changes are mediated by virus-induced activation of retroelements that have cis- and trans-effects on genes involved in neurogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 promotes the expression of miRNAs that silence the expression of many genes, thus impairing cognitive functioning. The mechanism of these changes is associated with the effect of the virus on retroelements, which are the sources of miRNAs. Reverse transcriptase and endonuclease of retroelements may be involved in the integration of SARS-CoV-2 into the human genome, which may also affect the change in the expression of genes necessary for cognitive development.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.